Curvature of Spacetime ?
Mass and Gravity ?
Scientific explanation of Mass and Gravity
This website describes a new theory that explains and unifies
- Mass,
- Gravity,
- Spacetime curvature,
...in a single 4D model with m = f(x,y,z,t).
This theory shows that gravity is not an attractive force
between masses but an external pressure force produced by spacetime curvature on objects that tends to bring them closer
to each other.
This new theory also explains
several enigmas of physics such as the faster-than-light neutrinos, time dilatation, E = mc², mass of relativistic particles,
black holes, black matter...
(See the copyright)
Part 1
Curvature of spacetime and Mass
Top of page
Part 1: Curvature of spacetime and Mass
Part 2: Gravity
Part 3: Applications
Part 4: Mathematics
Part 5: Miscellaneous and download instructions
Problem to solve
Let's consider a flat spacetime (a). The insertion of an object will curve this spacetime (b).
We see that it is the VOLUME of the object, not its
MASS, that deforms spacetime. This is a logical observation ...but since 1919, experiments show the contrary.
Indeed, Einstein demonstrated that spacetime is curved by masses, not by volumes. This assertion, which is verified by
experimentation, is totally irrational since to date, no one can explain how a mass can curve spacetime. So, the question is:
Is spacetime curved:
• by volumes? (logical, consistent...)
• or by masses? (irrational, but proven)
Solution to this problem
Spacetime isn't curved only by VOLUMES, or only by MASS as we think, but by a special type of volumes:
"Volumes with mass". This kind of volumes satisfies both general relativity (curvature by MASS)
and common sense (curvature by VOLUMES), as the previous fig. b shows.
Volumes with/without mass
a/ Let's drop an empty sphere in metal in a container filled with water. It is the volume
of the sphere - not its mass - that produces the displacement of water. The latter will exert a pressure on the surface
of the sphere.
b/ If we make some holes in the sphere, water will go inside and the pressure will
disappear.
Thus, two identical volumes may have different behaviors: in one case we have a pressure (a) and in the other,
not (b).
In spacetime, as on Earth and everywhere in the universe, we also have these two types of volumes:
- (a) Closed volumes (volumes with mass),
such as elementary particles. Their internal spacetime "pushes" the surrounding spacetime to make room.
Thus, "closed volumes" produce a convex curvature of spacetime. Since the latter has properties of elasticity
(Einstein), it exerts a pressure on the surface of these volumes. As a result, a "mass effect" appears, i.e.
an effect having all the characteristics of mass. The mass component [M] can be extracted from the pressure
[M/LT²] by simple mathematical operations (see the mathematical demonstration section). This conducts
to a 4D expression of the mass: m = f(x,y,z,t).
- (b) Open Volumes (massless volumes): It is just a vacuum, but
sometimes found in various forms such as the volume of orbitals or the space between atoms. These volumes
exist but they are "porous" regarding spacetime. More exactly, they are subject to variations of spacetime
but they don't curve spacetime themselves. Therefore, open volumes are massless since no curvature
means no mass (Einstein).
Note 1 (for physicists)
A Strong Confirmation:
Atoms
Existence of these two types of volumes is confirmed by atoms. They are made of:
- Closed volumes, with mass:
Proton(s), neutron(s) and electron(s). These closed volumes deform spacetime. Since closed volumes
→ spacetime curvature → pressure → mass effect, the nucleus and electrons have a mass.
This fact is confirmed by experimentation.
- Massless Open volumes:
Orbitals are geodesics in a vacuum. It is obvious that the volume of geodesics can't curve spacetime.
Therefore, volumes of orbitals are massless. This fact is also confirmed by experimentation.
Note 2 (for physicists)
Mass vs Closed Volumes
So, replacing "Mass" by "Closed volumes" doesn't change anything but allows us to solve three enigmas:
- It gives a rational explanation of the curvature of spacetime,
- It explains with great simplicity the mass origin, which is a consequence of the pressure of spacetime
on closed volumes,
- And also gives the 4D mass expression m = f(x,y,z,t). See the next section.
The following figure compare the current theory (left part: mass curves spacetime) to the proposed theory
(right part: closed volumes curve spacetime).
The following example shows the relation between mass and volumes.
Apparent Volumes
Objects we use daily are apparent volumes defined as:
Apparent volume = Σ Closed volumes + Σ Open volumes
These volumes, mainly atoms, are a combination of:
- Closed volumes (protons, neutrons, electrons),
These volumes deform spacetime and, therefore, have a mass, more precisely a "mass effect".
- Open Volumes (volumes of orbitals, space between atoms...)
These volumes are transparent regarding spacetime and doesn't have mass.
The proportion of closed/open volumes (i.e. mass/massless volumes) varies from one atom to another, from one molecule to
another, from one object to another... This is why we feel that mass and volume are two different quantities. This is an illusion.
It is the proportion of closed/open volumes
in each atom that varies from one object to
another and gives us the feeling that mass
and volume are two different quantities.
Note 3 (for physicists)
Conclusions about mass
The 4D expression of the mass effect means that the entire universe can be described with only 4D expressions,
as Einstein thought his whole life. We don't need extra-dimensions such as 5D, 6D, 7D...nD, or extra fields such
as the Higgs Field.
We must always have in mind that the word "Volume" without any precision doesn't mean anything, at least to
understand the curvature of spacetime, mass, and gravity. It is important to clarify our definition of volume.
Are we talking about:
- Closed volumes?...
- Open volumes?...
- or Apparent volumes?
It is obvious that, since these three volumes have different behaviors, we must differentiate them.
Part 2
Gravity
Top of page
Part 1: Curvature of spacetime and Mass
Part 2: Gravity
Part 3: Applications
Part 4: Mathematics
Part 5: Miscellaneous and download instructions
What is Gravity?
If we replace the closed volume of precedent figures by two or more closed volumes, the pressure exerted by spacetime on
these volumes tends to bring them closer to each other. The result is equivalent to that of an attraction. For example, a pressure
on one side of a sheet of paper is equivalent to an attraction on the other side. In both cases, the sheet is curved.
Finally, mass and gravity are nothing but the consequence of the pressure of spacetime on closed volumes. In both cases,
mass and gravity, we are faced with the same phenomenon.
Gravity is not an attractive force
between masses, but a pressure force
exerted by spacetime on closed volumes
Note 4 (for physicists)
Split Principle
Another way to understand gravity is to use the "split principle" from the 1850's fluid mechanics.
Let's imagine a sphere that is subject to uniform pressure (fig. a). Here, this pressure comes from elasticity of spacetime. If
we split this sphere down the middle by a thought experiment, we will have two forces (red arrows, fig. b) exerting a movement
of each half toward the other. This is "gravity".
Note 5 (for physicists)
Earth-Moon Curvature of Spacetime
Let's consider the following pedagogical presentation that shows the spacetime curvature of the Earth on points L and R.
- Point L (left side):
The curvature of spacetime of the Moon is simply added to that of the Earth.
- Point R (right side):
The curvature of spacetime of the Moon is subtracted from that of the Earth because the two curvatures
are in opposition.
Since curvature of spacetime = pressure, the pressure of spacetime on the left side of the Earth
(black arrows on the following figure) is greater than that on its right side (red arrows). In reality,
these two figures, curvature of spacetime (above) and pressures (below), are two different presentations
of the same phenomenon: the pressure of spacetime on closed volumes.
This imbalance of pressures will generate forces that move the Earth toward the Moon and conversely.
It also explains tides. Seas movements don't come from an unknown attraction of the seas by the Moon but
from the difference of pressures on both sides of the Earth.
Note 6 (for physicists)
Current Theory vs. Proposed Theory
Mass and gravity explained in 4 steps
Part 3
Applications
Top of page
Part 1: Curvature of spacetime and Mass
Part 2: Gravity
Part 3: Applications
Part 4: Mathematics
Part 5: Miscellaneous and download instructions
Applications
To access to the Application Webpage, please
click here.
You can access separately to each section by hiting the corresponding link:
Part 4
Mathematics
Top of page
Part 1: Curvature of spacetime and Mass
Part 2: Gravity
Part 3: Applications
Part 4: Mathematics
Part 5: Miscellaneous and download instructions
Mathematical
Demonstrations
Mathematical demonstrations of the proposed theory can be found in the following Webpages:
Note 7 (for physicists)
Part 5
Miscellaneous and download instructions
Top of page
Part 1: Curvature of spacetime and Mass
Part 2: Gravity
Part 3: Applications
Part 4: Mathematics
Part 5: Miscellaneous and download instructions
Conclusions
Wheeler's prediction
Let's also note the thought of the great physicist John Archibald Wheeler: Mass tells spacetime how to curve itself
and the spacetime curvature tells matter how to behave.
If we replace "mass" by "closed volume", Wheeler's expression describes, word for word, the theory
presented here:
Closed volumes tell spacetime how to curve itself
and the spacetime curvature tells matter how to behave.
Validation of the Theory
On May, 3, 2008, the author predicted the faster-than-light neutrinos anomaly detected at CERN and Gran Sasso.
This prediction validates the entire theory described here. References of this prediction can be found in the
copyright
Download instructions
To download the full theory (theory + mathematics, 36 pages) click here,
To download only the theory (11 pages) click here,
To download only mathematics (24 pages) click here.
Comments from physicists...
- "Here's the most important discovery on the unification of physics."
- "I waited 35 years to find such elegant answers… Keep up the good work."
- "What to the detractors of this theory have to say?"
- "Brilliant! So simple, the easiest answers are always overlooked."
- "I was not a victim of the Higgs boson joke."
- "This theory makes a lot of sense…"
- "LOVE this article. I think it is way more credible than the Higgs boson Theory, and like how obvious it makes it to understand."
- "Why are we spending $millions on looking for the Higgs boson when there is a much simpler explanation?"
To read the full comments, click here
Statistics
Official statistics show that:
On July 2011, approximately 150,000 physicists
worldwide became aware of this theory:
-
89,88% of them consider it very interesting
-
4,17% of them consider it interesting
Thus, the overall credibility is 94%.
To read the full statistics, click here
Other websites
http://www.faster-than-light-neutrinos.com
http://www.time-dilatation.com
http://www.wave-particle-duality.com
http://www.higgsless.com
http://www.higgs-boson.org
Note from the Author
I have tried to design a comprehensive Webpage and I hope that my work is of interest to you.
If so, I should appreciate having the URL of this Webpage, www.mass-Gravity.com, included in your
Social Network (Facebook...) as one of your favourite URL. Many Thanks.
Author and site designer: Jacky JEROME
To contact the author, please use the following form (don't forget to leave your email).
Last update: February 16, 2012.
