Higgs boson ?

Mass ?

Gravitation ?

Spacetime curvature ?

Alternative to the Higgs boson

The Higgs Boson

The Higgs Boson is a hypothetical massive elementary particle that is predicted to exist by the Standard Model (SM) of particle physics. Its existence is postulated as a means of resolving inconsistencies in the Standard Model. Experiments attempting to find the particle are currently being performed using the Large Hadron Collider (LHC) at CERN, and were performed at Fermilab's Tevatron until Tevatron's closure in late 2011.

On 12 December 2011, the ATLAS collaboration at the LHC found that a Higgs mass in the range from 145 to 206 GeV was excluded at the 95% confidence level.

Theories that do not need the Higgs boson also exist and would be considered if the existence of the Higgs Boson was ruled out. They are described as Higgsless models.

The theory proposed in this webpage is one of these Higgsless Models.

 
Part 1
Curvature of spacetime and Mass
 

 
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   Part 1: Curvature of spacetime and Mass
   Part 2: Gravitation
   Part 3: Applications
   Part 4: Mathematics
   Part 5: Higgs boson, download instructions...
 

Problem to solve

Let's consider a flat spacetime (a). The insertion of an object will curve this spacetime (b).

We see that it is the VOLUME of the object, not its MASS, that deforms spacetime. This is a logical observation ...but since 1919, experiments show the contrary.

Indeed, Einstein demonstrated that spacetime is curved by masses, not by volumes. This assertion, which is verified by experimentation, is totally irrational since to date, no one can explain how a mass can curve spacetime. So, the question is:

 
Is spacetime curved:
• by volumes? (logical, consistent...)
     • or by masses? (irrational, but proven)
 

Solution to this problem

Spacetime isn't curved only by VOLUMES, or only by MASS as we think, but by a special type of volumes: "Volumes with mass". This kind of volumes satisfies both general relativity (curvature by MASS) and common sense (curvature by VOLUMES), as the previous fig. b shows.

Volumes with/without mass

Thus, two identical volumes may have different behaviors: in one case we have a pressure (a) and in the other, not (b).

In spacetime, as on Earth and everywhere in the universe, we also have these two types of volumes:

• (a) Closed volumes (volumes with mass), such as elementary particles. Their internal spacetime "pushes" the surrounding spacetime to make room. Thus, "closed volumes" produce a convex curvature of spacetime. Since the latter has properties of elasticity (Einstein), it exerts a pressure on the surface of these volumes. As a result, a "mass effect" appears, i.e. an effect having all the characteristics of mass. The mass component [M] can be extracted from the pressure [M/LT²] by simple mathematical operations (see the mathematical demonstration section). This conducts to a 4D expression of the mass: m = f(x,y,z,t).
• (b) Open Volumes (massless volumes): It is just a vacuum, but sometimes found in various forms such as the volume of orbitals or the space between atoms. These volumes exist but they are "porous" regarding spacetime. More exactly, they are subject to variations of spacetime but they don't curve spacetime themselves. Therefore, open volumes are massless since no curvature means no mass (Einstein).

Note 1 (for physicists)

A Strong Confirmation:
Atoms

Existence of these two types of volumes is confirmed by atoms. They are made of:

• Closed volumes, with mass: Proton(s), neutron(s) and electron(s). These closed volumes deform spacetime. Since closed volumes → spacetime curvature → pressure → mass effect, the nucleus and electrons have a mass. This fact is confirmed by experimentation.
• Massless Open volumes: Orbitals are geodesics in a vacuum. It is obvious that the volume of geodesics can't curve spacetime. Therefore, volumes of orbitals are massless. This fact is also confirmed by experimentation.

Note 2 (for physicists)

Mass vs Closed Volumes

So, replacing "Mass" by "Closed volumes" doesn't change anything but allows us to solve three enigmas:

• It gives a rational explanation of the curvature of spacetime,
• It explains with great simplicity the mass origin, which is a consequence of the pressure of spacetime on closed volumes,
• And also gives the 4D mass expression m = f(x,y,z,t). See the next section.

The following figure compare the current theory (left part: mass curves spacetime) to the proposed theory (right part: closed volumes curve spacetime).

The following example shows the relation between mass and volumes.

Apparent Volumes

Objects we use daily are apparent volumes defined as:

 
Apparent volume = Σ Closed volumes + Σ Open volumes
 

These volumes, mainly atoms, are a combination of:

• Closed volumes (protons, neutrons, electrons), These volumes deform spacetime and, therefore, have a mass, more precisely a "mass effect".
• Open Volumes (volumes of orbitals, space between atoms...) These volumes are transparent regarding spacetime and doesn't have mass.

The proportion of closed/open volumes (i.e. mass/massless volumes) varies from one atom to another, from one molecule to another, from one object to another... This is why we feel that mass and volume are two different quantities. This is an illusion.

It is the proportion of closed/open volumes
in each atom that varies from one object to
another and gives us the feeling that mass
and volume are two different quantities.

Note 3 (for physicists)

Conclusions about mass

The 4D expression of the mass effect means that the entire universe can be described with only 4D expressions, as Einstein thought his whole life. We don't need extra-dimensions such as 5D, 6D, 7D...nD, or extra fields such as the Higgs Field.

We must always have in mind that the word "Volume" without any precision doesn't mean anything, at least to understand the curvature of spacetime, mass, and gravitation. It is important to clarify our definition of volume. Are we talking about:

• Closed volumes?...
• Open volumes?...
• or Apparent volumes?

It is obvious that, since these three volumes have different behaviors, we must differentiate them.

 
Part 2
Gravitation
 

 
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   Part 1: Curvature of spacetime and Mass
   Part 2: Gravitation
   Part 3: Applications
   Part 4: Mathematics
   Part 5: Higgs boson, download instructions...
 

What is Gravitation?

If we replace the closed volume of precedent figures by two or more closed volumes, the pressure exerted by spacetime on these volumes tends to bring them closer to each other. The result is equivalent to that of an attraction. For example, a pressure on one side of a sheet of paper is equivalent to an attraction on the other side. In both cases, the sheet is curved.

Finally, mass and gravitation are nothing but the consequence of the pressure of spacetime on closed volumes. In both cases, mass and gravitation, we are faced with the same phenomenon.

 
Gravitation is not an attractive force
between masses, but a pressure force
exerted by spacetime on closed volumes
 

Note 4 (for physicists)

Split Principle

Another way to understand gravitation is to use the "split principle" from the 1850's fluid mechanics.

Let's imagine a sphere that is subject to uniform pressure (fig. a). Here, this pressure comes from elasticity of spacetime. If we split this sphere down the middle by a thought experiment, we will have two forces (red arrows, fig. b) exerting a movement of each half toward the other. This is "gravitation".

Note 5 (for physicists)

Earth-Moon Curvature of Spacetime

Let's consider the following pedagogical presentation that shows the spacetime curvature of the Earth on points L and R.

• Point L (left side): The curvature of spacetime of the Moon is simply added to that of the Earth.
• Point R (right side): The curvature of spacetime of the Moon is subtracted from that of the Earth because the two curvatures are in opposition.

Since curvature of spacetime = pressure, the pressure of spacetime on the left side of the Earth (black arrows on the following figure) is greater than that on its right side (red arrows). In reality, these two figures, curvature of spacetime (above) and pressures (below), are two different presentations of the same phenomenon: the pressure of spacetime on closed volumes.

This imbalance of pressures will generate forces that move the Earth toward the Moon and conversely.

It also explains tides. Seas movements don't come from an unknown attraction of the seas by the Moon but from the difference of pressures on both sides of the Earth.

Note 6 (for physicists)

Current Theory vs. Proposed Theory

Mass and gravitation explained in 4 steps

 
Part 3
Applications
 

 
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   Part 1: Curvature of spacetime and Mass
   Part 2: Gravitation
   Part 4: Mathematics
   Part 5: Higgs boson, download instructions...
 

Applications

To access to the Application Webpage, please click here.

You can access separately to each section by hiting the corresponding link:

• Increase of the mass of relativistic particles
• Light deviation by a mass
• Increase of the mass of a particle crossing a crystal
• Faster-than-light neutrinos
• Mass excess
• Nuclear fission
• Twin paradox (time dilatation)
• E = mc²
• Nuclear fusion (mass defect)
• Galactic clusters
• Black matter, expansion of the universe
• Galaxy filaments
• Neutrons stars
• Black holes

 
Part 4
Mathematics
 

 
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   Part 1: Curvature of spacetime and Mass
   Part 2: Gravitation
   Part 3: Applications
   Part 5: Higgs boson, download instructions...
 

Mathematical
Demonstrations

Mathematical demonstrations of the proposed theory can be found in the following Webpages:

• New calculation of the Newton Law from open/closed volumes
• New calculation of the Schwarzschild Metric (SM knowledge required)
• Expression of the Mass Effect in 4D: m = f(x,y,z,t)
• EFE and the energy-momentum tensor (GR knowledge required)
• The equivalence principle
• Explanation of the mass increase of relativistic particles (SR knowledge required)
• Von Laue Diagrams

Note 7 (for physicists)

 
Part 5
Miscellaneous and download instructions
 

 
   Top of page
   Part 1: Curvature of spacetime and Mass
   Part 2: Gravitation
   Part 3: Applications
   Part 4: Mathematics
 

Conclusions

Higgs boson inconsistencies

Differences between the proposed theory and the Higgs boson are:

• The presented theory has been verified by OPERA experiment. This is not the case with the Higgs Boson. Since 47 years we are waiting such a verification.
• The Higgs boson doesn't explain gravitation. Mass and gravitation are connected together by EFE (weak field approximation). By association, the Higgs boson should also explain gravitation... It doesn't. The proposed theory fully explains gravitation.
• The Higgs boson doesn't explain spacetime curvature. The proposed theory does.
• The Higgs boson doesn't unify mass, gravitation, spacetime curvature and general relativity in a single 4D theory. The proposed theory does.
• The Higgs Field is not proven. The Higgs boson requires a Higgs field to explain mass. We know that a relationship exists between the electroweak field and γ/W/Z, but this doens't mean that the same relationship also exist between the Higgs field and the Higgs boson. This is pure speculation because what is proven in one case is not necessarily proven in the other. To be credible, once the Higgs boson found - if it is - physicists will also have to prove the existence of the Higgs Field to explain mass.
• Does the Big Bang really exist? As the Universe cooled, a "Higgs field" was formed together with the associated "Higgs boson". Through which process? No one knows... On the other hand, the Big Bang is widely accepted and we have the proof of a fossil temperature of 4°K. But we still don't know exactly how the Universe was born since other (speculative) Big-Bang scenarios also exist. Therefore, if the Big Bang is pure speculation, the emergence of the Higgs field and the Higgs boson is pure speculation too.
• The Higgs boson theory isn't simple. The proposed theory is as simple as the basic laws of physics (E=mc², E=hv...). It follows Einstein's point of view : "A good theory is a theory that a child of 6 years can understand".
• 4D or more? The proposed theory follows Einstein's ideas with m = f(x,y,z,t): "The universe would have only 4 dimensions, no more". The Higgs boson has necessarily more than 4D since the Higgs Field is undefined in 4D.
• No one knows the mass of the Higgs boson. The mass of the Higgs boson is evaluated between 130...145 Gev/c² (Higgs boson results, ECHEP). A so large range can't be used as a valid prediction of the Higgs boson. If a boson is found in that range with a correct spin, it may be the Higgs boson ...or not... but, in all cases, this is not the proof of the existence of the Higgs Field.
• About the Strain tensor. Contrary to the Higgs boson, the proposed theory is in perfect accordance with the Strain Tensor used in fluid mechanics, which is at the origin of EFE.
• Standard Model inconsistencies. Is the Higgs boson the missing part of the Standard Model? The latter consists of three columns of fermions. A fourth column of bosons, including the Higgs boson, is speculative. In the Standard Model, we don't need a fourth column, but if such a column is created, it could make sense to fill it with fermions, not with bosons.
• The proposed theory is also in accordance with the constitution of atoms: a nucleus (closed volume), with mass, and massless orbitals (a vacuum). The Higgs boson doesn't explain atoms.
• Since the mass is present anywhere and large accelerators exist, why is it so difficult to detect the Higgs boson? Many physicists, as Dr B.G. Sidharth, director-general of the BM Birla Science Centre, believe that, in all probability, the Higgs boson should have been detected, if it existed at all.
• The Higgs boson doesn't explain E=mc². The proposed theory does.
• The Higgs boson doesn't explain the increase of relativistic particles and many other enigmas. The proposed theory does.
• CERN scientists claim the Higgs boson is excluded with a 95% possibility.
• Eliyahu Comay has shown that the equation of the Higgs boson suffers from the same inconsistencies as those of the Klein–Gordon equation. On this basis he claimed that the Higgs boson cannot exist.

 
All these inconsistencies clearly show that
the proposed 4D theory is much more
credible than the Higgs boson theory
 

Wheeler's prediction

Let's also note the thought of the great physicist John Archibald Wheeler: Mass tells spacetime how to curve itself and the spacetime curvature tells matter how to behave.

If we replace "mass" by "closed volume", Wheeler's expression describes, word for word, the theory presented here:

Closed volumes tell spacetime how to curve itself
and the spacetime curvature tells matter how to behave.

Validation of the Theory

On May, 3, 2008, the author predicted the faster-than-light neutrinos anomaly detected at CERN and Gran Sasso. This prediction validates the entire theory described here. References of this prediction can be found in the copyright

Download instructions

To download the full theory (theory + mathematics, 36 pages) click here,
To download only the theory (11 pages) click here,
To download only mathematics (24 pages) click here.

Comments from physicists...

• "Here's the most important discovery on the unification of physics."
• "I waited 35 years to find such elegant answers… Keep up the good work."
• "What to the detractors of this theory have to say?"
• "Brilliant! So simple, the easiest answers are always overlooked."
• "I was not a victim of the Higgs boson joke."
• "This theory makes a lot of sense…"
• "LOVE this article. I think it is way more credible than the Higgs boson Theory, and like how obvious it makes it to understand."
• "Why are we spending $millions on looking for the Higgs boson when there is a much simpler explanation?"

To read the full comments, click here

Statistics

Official statistics show that:

To read the full statistics, click here

Other websites

http://www.faster-than-light-neutrinos.com

http://www.time-dilatation.com

http://www.wave-particle-duality.com

http://www.higgsless.com

http://www.mass-gravity.com

Note from the Author

Author and site designer: Jacky JEROME
To contact the author, please use the following form (don't forget to leave your email).
Last update: February 15, 2012.

 
   Top of page
   Part 1: Curvature of spacetime and Mass
   Part 2: Gravitation
   Part 3: Applications
   Part 4: Mathematics
   Part 5: Higgs boson, download instructions...