Three Key Riddles Solved
by the Spacetime Model

This page presents three major riddles that the Spacetime Model resolves. Each example is short and independent, designed for readers who want to see how the model explains well-known physical paradoxes.

Wave-Corpuscle Duality Reinterpreted

Matter exhibits the remarkable ability to behave both as a wave and as a particle. This phenomenon, known as wave–particle duality, has remained conceptually unresolved since the early 20th century. How can an electron simultaneously display the properties of a corpuscle and those of a wave?

The Spacetime Model provides a simple and coherent explanation for this enigma.

Diagram illustrating the principle of wave–corpuscle duality.

Duality appears only when the particle, the wave, and the medium share the same physical constitution. When this condition is fulfilled, the same entity can naturally manifest both behaviors, depending on how it interacts with its own medium.

Comparison between corpuscles and waves to determine when duality occurs. — Comparison between corpuscles and waves.

The comparison between corpuscles and waves presented here shows precisely under which circumstances duality occurs. Entities capable of behaving both as waves and as particles do exist. Duality arises only when the entity and its medium are made of the same substance. Several examples are provided on this website.

Where Antimatter is Located

Antimatter is not located at the far end of the universe, as is often assumed. We routinely detect traces of antimatter on Earth through β⁺ radioactivity. Therefore, if we aim to determine where antimatter truly resides, the most logical starting point is here on Earth — and this is precisely where our investigation began.

Our findings show that antimatter is embedded within quarks, as indicated in the last two columns of the table below, whose interpretation is detailed elsewhere on this website. A key point is that in any atom with atomic mass A, there are 2A electrons and 2A positrons. For example, iron contains 26 protons and 30 neutrons, totaling 56 nucleons. Consequently, iron includes 112 electrons and 112 positrons — representing equal quantities of matter and antimatter.

In other words, antimatter is not hidden away in hypothetical parallel universes. It is simply embedded within the quarks themselves. This conclusion has been systematically validated across all 2,930 known nuclei (CODATA 2006), with no inconsistencies — except for³Li, which can be explained.

Table illustrating the presence of antimatter within atomic structure. — This table shows that quarks contain equal quantities of matter and antimatter.

The Mystery of Mass and Gravitation

In the seventeenth century, two opposing approaches to gravitation emerged: Newton’s and Le Sage’s. Newton introduced the celebrated law of universal gravitation, whereas Le Sage proposed that gravitation originates from an external pressure generated by “ultramundane particles”, an idea later known as shadow theory.

Comparison between Le Sage's and Newton's gravitation. — Newton's and Le Sage's theories produce the same observable results.

Today, we know that Le Sage’s “ultramundane particles” do not exist. However, all objects in the universe are immersed in another medium unknown at the time: spacetime.

If one replaces Le Sage’s particles with Einstein's spacetime curvature, Le Sage’s mechanism becomes remarkably simple:

Le Sage: Gravitation behaves as an external pressure rather than an unexplained attraction.
Einstein: Spacetime curvature generates this pressure, but curvature alone is insufficient. This website explores the subject in depth.

Ultimately, it is the pressure exerted by spacetime on objects that brings them closer together. The observable effect is identical to that of an attractive force.

Gravitation : Spacetime exerts a pressure on the surface of objects. The result is that these objects move one toward the other.

Gravitation: Spacetime exerts a pressure on the surface of objects, causing them to move toward one another. From an external viewpoint, the two masses appear to attract each other. Whether interpreted as attraction or pressure, the observable result is the same. In this sense, Le Sage’s interpretation is more physically grounded than Newton’s, which offers no underlying mechanism. This perspective invites a re-examination of Newton’s gravitation.

Applying pressure to a bowl produces the same observable effect as an attractive force exerted by the Earth. Spacetime curvature alone does not explain mass and gravitation either. The missing complement is described later on this website.

The origin of gravitation — or gravity — is the pressure exerted on the surface of objects.

What is Mass? Like gravitation, mass results from spacetime pressure acting on the surface of objects, preventing them from moving freely — a definition close to that of the Higgs mechanism, although its origin here is different.

From an external viewpoint, this resistance may appear as an increase in mass, since the observable effect is the same.